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Dear SAFARI friends & colleagues,
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We are pleased to share our group highlights since the last edition of our newsletter published in June 2023. In this issue, we'd like to take the opportunity to celebrate 15 years of the SAFARI Research Group, from its humble start at Carnegie Mellon University in 2009 to our current active and large group at ETH Zurich. We are proud to have a very enthusiastic, diverse and talented set of group members, and are also proud of our 25+ very successful PhD and postdoc alumni who have gone on to influential industry and academic careers, with many accomplishments to celebrate both during and since their time with SAFARI.
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Over the last 15 years, SAFARI has been built on the goal of contributing groundbreaking research and solving important problems in computer architecture that will have a large and lasting impact, and drive positive change for society. Our group culture and motivation has been shaped by many inspirational and diverse research cultures and ideas over the years, which we try to encourage and nurture through a strong collaborative style and a diverse and talented set of people, starting at CMU and which has continued to ETH.
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Since our last newsletter, we have continued to teach our courses at ETH, we've presented our work at many conferences including HPCA, ASPLOS, PACT, MICRO, ISCA'23, ISCA'24, DSN, ISMB, RECOMB, SRC TECHCON, Flash Memory Summit, HiPEAC, ISPASS and a few more, given lectures and participated in several summer schools, continued to offer our Memory-Centric Computing tutorials, and have gratefully received donations and funding for our work. Onur Mutlu has been on sabbatical and has been giving many talks (see our talks section below for some of his talk recordings and slides). We were also honored to receive several awards for our work, including the Jean-Claude Laprie Award in Dependable Computing 2024 for our seminal paper on RowHammer, “Flipping bits in memory without accessing them: An experimental stdy of DRAM disturbance errors”, published at ISCA 2014 ten years ago.
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We look forward to continuing our productive and impactful work in 2024, expanding our collaborations, and always maintaining a continued dedication to sharing our passion in both research and teaching globally. We hope you enjoy this edition of our newsletter, and we wish you a wonderful second half of 2024!
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Image: Original SAFARI banner from the SAFARI CMU website.
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June 2023: Distinguished Artifact Award ISCA 2023
We’re excited to have won a Distinguished Artifact Award at ISCA 2023 for our work “RowPress: Amplifying Read Disturbance in Modern DRAM Chips”, led by Haocong Luo. Congratulations to Haocong and co-authors Ataberk Olgun, Abdullah Giray Yağlıkçı, Yahya Can Tuğrul, Steve Rhyner, M. Banu Cavlak, Joël Lindegger, Mohammad Sadrosadati, and Onur Mutlu on this well-deserved award.
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June 2023: ISCA@50 Retrospective, 5 of our papers chosen
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In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA) in 2023, a special retrospective of selected papers was created to mark the ISCA-50 birthday. The collection highlights the most significant and memorable papers from 1996 through 2020 (ISCA-23 through ISCA-47), and tells an exciting and meaningful story of how research at ISCA progressed over those twenty-five years.
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We were very honored to have 5 of our papers recognized in this celebratory retrospective.
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Congratulations to Onur Mutlu and team, and all co-authors on this recognition.
Read more
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Sept 2023: Best Doctoral Thesis Award
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Oct 2023: ACM Student Research Competition (SRC)
We received a few awards at the SRC at PACT & MICRO. At PACT, Lukas Zink won 1st place in the undergrad category and we took home the top 3 in the grad category: Giray Yaglikci (1st), Geraldo F. Oliveira (2nd), Xavier Servot (3rd).
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At MICRO, Konstantinos Kanellopoulos received 3rd place in the grad category.
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Nov 2023: Distinguished Artifact Award MICRO 2023
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We were awarded a Distinguished Artifact Award at MICRO 2023 for our work “Victima: Drastically Increasing Address Translation Reach by Leveraging Underutilized Cache Resources”, led by Konstantinos Kanellopoulos. Congratulations to Konstantinos and Victima co-authors Hong Chul Nam, F. Nisa Bostanci, Rahul Bera, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Rakesh Kumar, Davide Basilio Bartolini and Onur Mutlu on this well-deserved award.
Read more
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Nov 2023: MICRO Hall of Fame
Congratulations to Mohammad Sadrosadati on being inducted into the MICRO Hall of Fame (in recognition of eight or more papers published in MICRO).
Read more
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We also had several (now) alumni recently inducted: Juan Gómez-Luna (2022), Jeremie S. Kim (2021), with Onur Mutlu currently the overall leader, behind his PhD supervisor, Yale Patt.
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February 2024: IEEE Micro Top Picks
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Giray answered a few questions about his PhD work, RowHammer, and his future plans in a recent interview. Scroll down to our Meet our Members section to read his interview, and read the full interview here.
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“Our paper was published at ISCA 2014 ten years ago. It has had extensive influence on both industry (including memory, CPU, systems and testing companies) and academia across multiple communities, including computer architecture, hardware and systems security, dependable systems, reliability physics. Much progress has been made in the past 10 years, yet the technology scaling problems that lead to RowHammer and read disturbance bitflips remain to be solved (well) and memory robustness is an increasingly important issue. I am personally honored to receive such a long-term impact award that is named after a true pioneer in dependable computing systems.”, Onur Mutlu.
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July 2024: Best Paper Award at ISCA 2024
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Upcoming PhD defense:
Can Firtina will soon defend his PhD thesis. His PhD work covers topics related to genome analysis and its acceleration via new algorithms and architectures with a special focus on real-time analysis of raw nanopore signals. Can will be on the job market this fall, looking for faculty positions and research positions in industry. Feel free to reach out to him.
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Geraldo F. Oliveira is preparing to defend his PhD thesis soon. Geraldo's PhD work focuses on taking advantage of new memory technologies to accelerate distinct classes of applications and provide system support for novel memory-centric systems. Geraldo will also be on the job market soon!
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SAFARI Workshops, Tutorials, Meetings & Conference Participation
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Keynote Lectures, EFCL Summer School, June 2024:
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BioPIM Consortium Meeting:
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We met in Grenoble for our second face-to-face BioPIM meeting on May 30-31 2024, hosted by our project partner, UPMEM.
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We've had a productive year -- BioPIM partners published 14 journal papers and 4 conference papers. Within two years, BioPIM has contributed to 41 publications.
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We're looking forward to the next face-to-face meeting in Zurich.
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You can find all the materials for our Memory-Centric Tutorials online:
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We thank our industry partners and funding agencies for their support in 2023 and 2024
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Our group was generously supported with new and continuing donations and projects in 2023 and 2024 from Google, Huawei, Intel, Xilinx, Microsoft, SRC, SNSF and EU Horizon Europe. We thank all of our industry partners for their continued support of our research, and partners who have generously supported us with new donations this year, as well as funding support form SNSF and Horizon Europe (and SERI). We also want to thank the ETH Foundation, ETH Transfer and the ETH EU GrantsAccess teams for facilitating and supporting our industry relations, projects, and gift funding.
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We always welcome new project collaborations, donations and gifts to support our research. Please contact Onur Mutlu for more information on donating and being a SAFARI Research Group supporter.
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Conference and Journal Papers (June 2023 - present)
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Steve Rhyner, Haocong Luo, Juan Gómez-Luna, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Jiawei Jiang, Ataberk Olgun, Harshita Gupta, Ce Zhang, and Onur Mutlu, "Demystifying Distributed Optimization Algorithms on a Real-World Processing-In-Memory Architecture", to appear in Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT), October 2024. [Preliminary arXiv version]
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Ataberk Olgun, Yahya Can Tugrul, Nisa Bostanci, Ismail Emir Yuksel, Haocong Luo, Steve Rhyner, Abdullah Giray Yaglikci, Geraldo F. Oliveira, and Onur Mutlu, "ABACuS: All-Bank Activation Counters for Scalable and Low Overhead RowHammer Mitigation", Proceedings of the 33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security), August 2024. [arXiv version]
[ABACuS Source Code (Officially Artifact Evaluated with All Badges)]
Officially artifact evaluated as available, functional, and reproduced
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Ataberk Olgun, F. Nisa Bostanci, Geraldo F. Oliveira, Yahya Can Tugrul, Rahul Bera, A. Giray Yaglikci, Hasan Hassan, Oguz Ergin, and Onur Mutlu, "Sectored DRAM: A Practical Energy-Efficient and High-Performance Fine-Grained DRAM Architecture", ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO), [online] June 2024. [arXiv version] [ACM Digital Library version]
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Haocong Luo, Ataberk Olgun, A. Giray Yağlıkçı, Yahya Can Tuğrul, Steve Rhyner, Meryem Banu Cavlak, Joël Lindegger, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Onur Mutlu, "RowPress Vulnerability in Modern DRAM Chips," in IEEE Micro Special Issue: Micro's Top Picks from 2023 Computer Architecture Conferences (MICRO TOP PICKS), to appear, July/August 2024. [arXiv version] [IEEE Xplore]
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Can Firtina, Maximilian Mordig, Joël Lindegger, Harun Mustafa, Sayan Goswami, Stefano Mercogliano, Yan Zhu, Andre Kahles and Onur Mutlu, "Rawsamble: Overlapping and Assembling Raw Nanopore Signals using a Hash-based Seeding Mechanism", 32nd Annual Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB), July 2024. [Slides (pdf) (pptx)]
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Rahul Bera, Adithya Ranganathan, Joydeep Rakshit, Sujit Mahto, Anant V. Nori, Jayesh Gaur, Ataberk Olgun, Konstantinos Kanellopoulos, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Sreenivas Subramoney, and Onur Mutlu, "Constable: Improving Performance and Power Efficiency by Safely Eliminating Load Instruction Execution", Proceedings of the 51st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), July 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version] [Load Inspector Source Code] Best paper award at ISCA 2024
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Nika Mansouri Ghiasi, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Harun Mustafa, Arvid Gollwitzer, Can Firtina, Julien Eudine, Haiyu Mao, Joel Lindegger, Meryem Banu Cavlak, Mohammed Alser, Jisung Park, and Onur Mutlu, "MegIS: High-Performance and Low-Cost Metagenomic Analysis with In-Storage Processing", Proceedings of the 51st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), July 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version]
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Julian Pavon, Ivan Vargas Valdivieso, Carlos Rojas, Cesar Hernandez, Mehmet Aslan, Roger Figueras, Yichao Yuan, Joel Lindegger, Mohammed Alser, Francesc Moll, Santiago Marco-Sola, Oguz Ergin, Nishil Talati, Onur Mutlu, Osman Unsal, Mateo Valero, and Adrian Cristal,
"QUETZAL: Vector Acceleration Framework For Modern Genome Sequence Analysis", Proceedings of the 51st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), July 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Ismail Emir Yuksel, Yahya Can Tugrul, F. Nisa Bostanci, Geraldo F. Oliveira, A. Giray Yaglikci, Ataberk Olgun, Melina Soysal, Haocong Luo, Juan Gomez-Luna, Mohammad Sadrosadati, and Onur Mutlu, "Simultaneous Many-Row Activation in Off-the-Shelf DRAM Chips: Experimental Characterization and Analysis", Proceedings of the 54th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), June 2024.
[Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version] [SiMRA-DRAM Source Code (Officially Artifact Evaluated with All Badges)]
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Officially artifact evaluated as both code and dataset available, reviewed and reproducible
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Ataberk Olgun, Majd Osseiran, Abdullah Giray Yaglikci, Yahya Can Tugrul, Haocong Luo, Steve Rhyner, Behzad Salami, Juan Gomez Luna, and Onur Mutlu, "Read Disturbance in High Bandwidth Memory: A Detailed Experimental Study on HBM2 DRAM Chips", Proceedings of the 54th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), June 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version] [HBM Read Disturbance Source Code (Officially Artifact Evaluated with All Badges)]
Officially artifact evaluated as both code and dataset available, reviewed and reproducible
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Lois Orosa, Ulrich Ruhrmair, A Giray Yaglikci, Haocong Luo, Ataberk Olgun, Patrick Jattke, Minesh Patel, Jeremie S. Kim, Kaveh Razavi, and Onur Mutlu, "SpyHammer: Understanding and Exploiting RowHammer Under Fine-Grained Temperature Variations", IEEE Access, June 2024. [arXiv version]
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Kailash Gogineni, Sai Santosh Dayapule, Juan Gomez-Luna, Karthikeya Gogineni, Peng Wei, Tian Lan, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Onur Mutlu, Guru Venkataramani, "SwiftRL: Towards Efficient Reinforcement Learning on Real Processing-In-Memory Systems", Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS), May 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version]
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Mohammed Alser, Brendan Lawlor, Richard J. Abdill, Sharon Waymost, Ram Ayyala, Neha Rajkumar, Nathan LaPierre, Jaqueline Brito, Andre M. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Nour Almadhoun, Varuni Sarwal, Can Firtina, Tomasz Osinski, Eleazar Eskin, Qiyang Hu, Derek Strong, Byoung-Do (B. D) Kim, Malak S. Abedalthagafi, Onur Mutlu and Serghei Mangul, "Packaging and containerization of computational methods", Nature Protocols, April 2024. [Journal article]
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F. Nisa Bostanci, Ismail Emir Yuksel, Ataberk Olgun, Konstantinos Kanellopoulos, Yahya Can Tugrul, A. Giray Yaglikci, Mohammad Sadrosadati, and Onur Mutlu, "CoMeT: Count-Min-Sketch-based Row Tracking to Mitigate RowHammer at Low Cost", Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), April 2024.
[Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version] [CoMeT Source Code (Officially Artifact Evaluated with All Badges)]
Officially artifact evaluated as available, reviewed and reproducible
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Ismail Emir Yüksel, Yahya Can Tugrul, Ataberk Olgun, F. Nisa Bostancı, A. Giray Yaglıkcı,
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Geraldo F. Oliveira, Haocong Luo, Juan Gomez-Luna, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Onur Mutlu,
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Geraldo F. Oliveira, Ataberk Olgun, Abdullah Giray Yaglikci, F. Nisa Bostanci, Juan Gomez-Luna, Saugata Ghose, and Onur Mutlu, "MIMDRAM: An End-to-End Processing-Using-DRAM System for High-Throughput, Energy-Efficient and Programmer-Transparent Multiple-Instruction Multiple-Data Processing", Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), April 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version] [MIMDRAM Source Code]
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Ivan Fernandez, Christina Giannoula, Aditya Manglik, Ricardo Quislant, Nika Mansouri Ghiasi, Juan Gómez Luna, Eladio Gutierrez, Oscar Plata and Onur Mutlu, "MATSA: An MRAM-Based Energy-Efficient Accelerator for Time Series Analysis", IEEE Access, March 2024. [IEEE Xplore] [arXiv version]
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Can Firtina, Kamlesh Pillai, Gurpreet S. Kalsi, Bharathwaj Suresh, Damla Senol Cali, Jeremie S. Kim, Taha Shahroodi, Meryem Banu Cavlak, Joël Lindegger, Mohammed Alser, Juan Gómez Luna, Sreenivas Subramoney and Onur Mutlu, "ApHMM: Accelerating Profile Hidden Markov Models for Fast and Energy-efficient Genome Analysis", ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO), February 2024. [IEEE Xplore] [arXiv version] [ApHMM-GPU Source Code] [Talk Recording HiPEAC]
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Konstantinos Kanellopoulos, Hong Chul Nam, F. Nisa Bostanci, Rahul Bera, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Rakesh Kumar, Davide Basilio Bartolini, and Onur Mutlu, "Victima: Drastically Increasing Address Translation Reach by Leveraging Underutilized Cache Resources", Proceedings of the 56th International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO), November 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version] [Victima Source Code (Officially Artifact Evaluated with All Badges)]
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Officially artifact evaluated as available, functional, reusable and reproducible
Distinguished artifact award at MICRO 2023
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Konstantinos Kanellopoulos, Rahul Bera, Kosta Stojiljkovic, Nisa Bostanci, Can Firtina, Rachata Ausavarungnirun, Rakesh Kumar, Nastaran Hajinazar, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Nandita Vijaykumar, and Onur Mutlu, "Utopia: Fast and Efficient Address Translation via Hybrid Restrictive & Flexible Virtual-to-Physical Address Mappings", Proceedings of the 56th International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO), November 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version] [Utopia Source Code]
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Taha Shahroodi, Gagandeep Singh, Mahdi Zahedi, Haiyu Mao, Joel Lindegger, Can Firtina, Stephan Wong, Onur Mutlu, and Said Hamdioui, "Swordfish: A Framework for Evaluating Deep Neural Network-based Basecalling using Computation-In-Memory with Non-Ideal Memristors", Proceedings of the 56th International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO), November 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [arXiv version]
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Geraldo F. Oliveira, Saugata Ghose, Juan Gómez Luna, Amirali Boroumand, Alexis Savery, Sonny Rao, Salman Qazi, Gwendal Grignou, Rahul Thakur, Eric Shiu and Onur Mutlu, "Extending Memory Capacity in Modern Consumer Systems With Emerging Non-Volatile Memory: Experimental Analysis and Characterization Using the Intel Optane SSD", IEEE Access, November 2023. [IEEE Xplore]
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Joël Lindegger, Can Firtina, Nika Mansouri Ghiasi, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Mohammed Alser, and Onur Mutlu, "RawAlign: Accurate, Fast, and Scalable Raw Nanopore Signal Mapping via Combining Seeding and Alignment", arXiv, October 2023. [arXiv version] [RawAlign Source Code]
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Can Firtina, Nika Mansouri Ghiasi, Joel Lindegger, Gagandeep Singh, Meryem Banu Cavlak, Haiyu Mao, and Onur Mutlu, "RawHash: Enabling Fast and Accurate Real-Time Analysis of Raw Nanopore Signals for Large Genomes", Bioinformatics, June 2023; Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology and the 22nd European Conference on Computational Biology (ISMB/ECCB), July 2023. [Journal Article] [arXiv version] [RawHash Source Code] [Poster presented at RECOMB 2023 (PDF)] [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Haocong Luo, Ataberk Olgun, Giray Yaglikci, Yahya Can Tugrul, Steve Rhyner, M. Banu Cavlak, Joel Lindegger, Mohammad Sadrosadati, and Onur Mutlu, "RowPress: Amplifying Read Disturbance in Modern DRAM Chips", Proceedings of the 50th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), June 2023. [Extended arxiv version] [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Lightning Talk Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Lightning Talk Video (3 minutes)] [Talk Video (14 minutes, including Q&A)] [RowPress Source Code and Datasets (Officially Artifact Evaluated with All Badges)]
Officially artifact evaluated as available, reusable and reproducible
Distinguished artifact award at ISCA 2023
One of the 12 computer architecture papers of 2023 selected as Top Picks by IEEE Micro
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Rakesh Nadig, Mohammad Sadrosadati, Haiyu Mao, Nika Mansouri Ghiasi, Arash Tavakkol, Jisung Park, Hamid Sarbazi-Azad, Juan Gómez Luna, and Onur Mutlu, "Venice: Improving Solid-State Drive Parallelism at Low Cost via Conflict-Free Accesses", Proceedings of the 50th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), Orlando, FL, USA, June 2023. [arXiv version] [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Lightning Talk Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Lightning Talk Video (3 minutes)] [Talk Video (14 minutes, including Q&A)]
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Ataberk Olgun, Majd Osserian, A. Giray Yağlıkçı, Yahya Can Tugrul, Haocong Luo, Steve Rhyner, Behzad Salami, Juan Gomez-Luna, and Onur Mutlu, "An Experimental Analysis of RowHammer in HBM2 DRAM Chips", Proceedings of the 53rd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Disrupt Track (DSN Disrupt), June 2023.
[arXiv version] [IEEE Xplore] [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video (24 minutes, including Q&A)]
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Gagandeep Singh, Alireza Khodamoradi, Kristof Denolf, Jack Lo, Juan Gómez-Luna, Joseph Melber, Andra Bisca, Henk Corporaal, and Onur Mutlu, "SPARTA: Spatial Acceleration for Efficient and Scalable Horizontal Diffusion Weather Stencil Computation", Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Supercomputing (ICS), Orlando, FL, USA, June 2023.
[arXiv version] [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [SPARTA Source Code]
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Videos: Talks & Courses
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We are committed to democratizing education through our regular posting of course lectures and talk videos online. We livestream lectures and talks on YouTube and make all media and material freely available on both our course website and YouTube channels. Our YouTube channels have tens of thousands of subscribers, and our online materials are used by students, universities, and industry leaders over the globe. We are particularly dedicated to sharing our resources with those without access to state-of-the-art computer architecture classes.
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Courses 2023 & Spring 2024
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DDCA Spring 2023 edition, Lecture 1 "Introduction & Basics". Photo credit: Can Firtina
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Digital Design and Computer Architecture is a 2nd semester bachelor course that gives a rigorous introduction into “How Computers Work” and hands-on FPGA lab assignments.
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The Seminar in Computer Architecture covers fundamental and cutting-edge research papers in computer architecture. Students learn how to rigorously analyze, present and discuss research papers.
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This lecture on RowHammer is currently the most up-to-date talk or lecture on RowHammer given by Onur Mutlu.
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This lecture gives an overview of the group and research topics and what we expect from applicants. We encourage you to watch it if you'd like to work with us!
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Computer Architecture is a critical analysis course taken by Bachelor/Masters/PhD students. We look in-depth at cutting-edge research topics + fundamentals in Computer Architecture, including 20+ research papers, presentations and analyses.
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The Projects and Seminars (P&S) courses provide hands-on learning and are designed to teach practical knowledge and skills. These courses encourage independent experimentation and design, critical thinking, and allow for explorative learning through project work.
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Lecturers: Giray Yaglikci and Ataberk Olgun
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Lecturer: Mohammad Sadrosadati
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We started hosting our SAFARI Live Seminar series in 2021 and have continued to livestream all our seminars in 2023 & 2024, while also having many seminars in person. We are happy to invite speakers for a live seminar, so please get in touch if you're interested in giving a talk! Click on the thumbnails below for talk details and link to the talk recording.
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Giray recently defended his PhD. He sat down with us to answer a few questions about his PhD work, RowHammer, and his future plans in a recent interview.
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Q: In your PhD work, you made some significant contributions to better understanding the RowHammer vulnerability. Can you tell us a bit about your contributions and their overall significance to understanding (and maybe even coming closer to solving) RowHammer?
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Giray: Certainly! We conducted several experiments on many real DRAM chips to understand their vulnerability to read disturbance under different conditions. We found this line of research interesting and extremely important because read disturbance becomes more and more severe going forward and we need to understand why and how it happens really well so that we can solve it efficiently and scalably. These experiments and analyses were published in two papers: one in MICRO’21[1] and one in DSN’22[2]. Let me quickly mention what I really like about our findings on two examples.
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First, we discovered that RowHammer has a really peculiar relationship with temperature: as temperature increases, a DRAM cell first becomes more vulnerable to read disturbance until some temperature level and then becomes less vulnerable as we keep increasing temperature. This observation seems quite odd at first look because what most people assume is a monotonically worsening vulnerability to read disturbance with increasing temperature. So, we dug into the literature on circuit-level error mechanisms that explain why and how read disturbance might happen. We saw a particular circuit-level error mechanism called trap-assisted charge leakage, exhibiting a temperature sensitivity similar to that of read disturbance. This finding shows us that this particular error mechanism actually dominates other error mechanisms in many DRAM cells across manufacturers. Now, with this finding, we understand DRAM read disturbance more thoroughly than before.
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The second example is about the effect of memory access patterns. Until our study, it was widely accepted that you must open and close DRAM rows as fast as possible to achieve the worst possible access pattern to induce read disturbance bitflips. We found out that you can actually exacerbate read disturbance if you spend some extra time keeping a row open once it is opened. Later on, Haocong Luo, also from our group, more rigorously investigated this finding and discovered yet another read disturbance phenomenon called RowPress, which is different than RowHammer. Again, with these findings, today we understand DRAM read disturbance better.
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These are just two examples of the impact of our experiments on building a detailed understanding of DRAM read disturbance. We also rigorously analyzed the variation of read disturbance vulnerability across different cells within a module and different voltage levels. I am really proud of our contributions in this direction because they help the whole community understand the read disturbance vulnerability in a more detailed way and thus develop much stronger systems.
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Q: What would you like to do going forward, do you have an interest in working in industry or will you look for a position in academia? Will you continue to focus on DRAM and hardware security, or where do you see your future interests?
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Giray: I greatly enjoy conducting research, so I keep working on new research projects at the moment, but this is a question that also keeps my mind busy nowadays. Today there are outstanding security issues in modern computing systems including but not limited to RowHammer. Today, we can solve these issues at the cost of significant performance loss and increased energy consumption. Going forward, we need to tackle these security issues together with improving system performance and energy efficiency. To achieve this, we need systems with better isolation across processes in both microarchitecture and memory and tackle major performance bottlenecks like excessive data movement and time-consuming maintenance operations. My plan is to broaden my research scope accordingly. I see myself in academia eventually, but I want to improve my understanding and research perspective with some experience in industry research. So, I actively look for research positions in academia and industry.
Read Giray's full interview here
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SAFARI Talk Highlights
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Below we provide a few talk highlights from 2023 and 2024. We were excited to once again attend many conferences, and present and discuss our work in person. For links to all talk recordings for our conference paper contributions, see our Publications above.
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing", Lightning Talk at the Design Automation Conference (DAC) 2023, July 2023.
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Onur Mutlu, "RowHammer, RowPress & Beyond: Can We Be Free of Bitflips (Soon)?", University of California Berkeley, 28 February 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Mutlu, "RowHammer, RowPress & Beyond: Can We Be Free of Bitflips (Soon)?", North Carolina State University (NCSU), 16 February 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing", Duke University & ATHENA AI Institute Distinguished Lecture, 15 February 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Mutlu, "Future Computing Platforms: Challenges and Opportunities", Stanford University SystemX Seminar, 8 February 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Mutlu, "Machine Learning Driven Memory and Storage Systems", IBM Research, 19 December 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "RowHammer, RowPress & Beyond: Can We Be Free of Bitflips (Soon)?", New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), 18 December 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Multu, "Security of PIM Systems", Dagstuhl MAD (Microarchitectural Attacks & Defenses), 30 November 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Mutlu, "RowHammer, RowPress & Beyond: Can We Be Free of Bitflips (Soon)?",
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Dagstuhl MAD (Microarchitectural Attacks & Defenses), 30 November 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "RowHammer, RowPress & Beyond : Can We Be Free of Bitflips (Soon)?",
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Onur Mutlu, "RowHammer, RowPress and Beyond: Can We Be Free of Bitflips (Soon)?", Stanford University Computer Systems Seminar, 26 October 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing", SLIP Keynote @ ICCAD, 2 November 2023 [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing", SK Hynix Meeting, 10 October 2023 [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Securing the Memory System: The Story of RowHammer", Monte Verita SW Abstractions for HW Security Workshop, 2 October 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "RowHammer, RowPress & Beyond : Can We Be Free of Bitflips (Soon)?",
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Onur Mutlu, "Hermes & Sibyl: ML-Driven Memory & Storage Management", VMware, 27 September 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Pythia & Hermes: ML-Driven Prefetching", VMware, 20 September 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Storage-Centric Computing for Modern Data-Intensive Workloads", NCIS Keynote, 16 September 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Mutlu, "Intelligent Architectures for Intelligent Machines", VMware, 13 September 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Accelerating Genome Analysis via Algorithm-Architecture Co-Design",
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing", IMACAW Keynote Talk @ DAC, 9 July 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing: Accelerating Data-Intensive Workloads",
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Onur Mutlu, "Securing the Memory System: The Story of RowHammer", New York University, 23 June 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video (1 hour 25 minutes, including Q&A)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing", Real-World PIM Tutorial Opening Talk @ ISCA-50, 18 June 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Securing the Memory System: The Story of RowHammer", University of Montenegro Lecture, 9 June 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Accelerating Genome Analysis: A Primer on an Ongoing Journey", CANU (Montenegro Academy of Sciences) Lecture @ UDG, 8 June 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Accelerating Genome Analysis: A Primer on an Ongoing Journey", University of Montenegro Faculty of Medicine, 8 June 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing", Huawei Global Software Technology Summit Keynote, 1 June 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Storage-Centric Computing for Modern Data-Intensive Workloads", Huawei Next Generation Data Storage Architecture Innovation Forum Keynote, 15 May 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] [Talk Video]
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing", eda WorkShop Keynote (Hanover, DE), 8 May 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Accelerating Genome Analysis: A Primer on an Ongoing Journey", BIO-Arch Workshop @ RECOMB, 14 April 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Reinventing Computing & Storage", OlympusMons Award Keynote Speech, 7 April 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Onur Mutlu, "Memory-Centric Computing", WSOS (Winter School on Operating Systems) Opening Talk, 3 April 2023. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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Selected talks from SAFARI group members:
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Mohammad Sadrosadati, "Storage-Centric Computing", Snow Mountain Summit 2023 European Innovation Stars, 13 June 2023. [Slides (pdf)]
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Mohammad Sadrosadati, "Storage-Centric Computing for Modern Data-Intensive Workloads", Huawei STW 2023, 27 September 2023. [Slides (pdf)]
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The following talks were part of a talk tour in the UK given by A. Giray Yaglikci and Geraldo F. Oliveira at University of Glasgow, Huawei UK, University College London, Microsoft Research and ARM, March 7-14 2024:
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Abdullah Giray Yaglikci, "Enabling Efficient and Scalable Read Disturbance Mitigation via New Experimental Insights into Modern Memory Chips", Computer Laboratory Systems Seminar, University of Cambridge, 14 March 2024 [Slides (pptx) (pdf)] You can find all of Giray's talk slides on [GitHub Talk Slides] and his website.
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Geraldo F. Oliveira, "Methodologies, Workloads, and Tools for Processing-in-Memory: Enabling the Adoption of Data-Centric Architectures", Computer Laboratory Systems Seminar, University of Cambridge, 14 March 2024. [Slides (pptx) (pdf)]
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You can watch our talks from the SRC at PACT here:
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Read more about the competition here: https://safari.ethz.ch/student-research-competition-at-pact-2023/
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Selected Open Source Releases
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We released many research artifacts and tools in 2023 & 2024. All are available on GitHub:
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ABACuS is a new RowHammer mitigation mechanism that prevents RowHammer bitflips at low area, performance, and energy overheads for modern and future DRAM chips that are very vulnerable to RowHammer. Described in our USENIX Security 2024 paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.09977.pdf
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FCDRAM source code & scripts for experimental characterization and demonstration of performing NOT and up to 16-input AND, NAND, OR, and NOR operations in real DDR4 DRAM chips. Described in our HPCA 2024 paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.18736
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MIMDRAM is a hardware/software co-designed processing-using-DRAM (PUD) system that enables a multiple-instruction multiple-data (MIMD) execution model in each DRAM subarray (and SIMD execution within each DRAM row segment), described in our HPCA 2024 paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.19080.pdf
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Victima is a new software-transparent technique that greatly extends the address translation reach of modern processors by leveraging the underutilized resources of the cache hierarchy, as desribed in the MICRO 2023 paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.04158/
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Virtuoso is a comprehensive and modular simulation framework that models various VM designs to establish a common ground for virtual memory research, as described in our preprint:
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MetaTrinity is a novel metagenomic analysis tool employing efficient containment search techniques and heuristics for read mapping to achieve significant speedup while maintaining high accuracy. As described in our preprint:
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SiMRA-DRAM allows for experimental characterization and demonstration of 1) simultaneous many-row activation, 2) up to nine-input majority operations and 3) copying one row's content to up 31 rows in real DDR4 DRAM chips. Described in our DSN 2024 paper:
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RawHash is the first mechanism that can accurately and efficiently map raw nanopore signals to large reference genomes (e.g., a human reference genome) in real-time without using powerful computational resources (e.g., GPUs). Described in our 2023 Bioinformatics paper: https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btad272
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Utopia is a new hybrid address mapping scheme that accelerates address translation while supporting all conventional VM features as described in our MICRO 2023 paper:
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DRAM-Bender is the first open source DRAM testing infrastructure that can be used to easily and comprehensively test state-of-the-art DDR4 modules of different form factors. Five prototypes are available on different FPGA boards. Described in our TCAD 2023 paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.05838.pdf
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Ramulator 2.0 is a modern, modular, extensible, and fast cycle-accurate DRAM simulator. It provides support for agile implementation and evaluation of new memory system designs (e.g., new DRAM standards, emerging RowHammer mitigation techniques). Described in our 2023 IEEE Computer Architecture Letters paper: https://people.inf.ethz.ch/omutlu/pub/Ramulator2_arxiv23.pdf
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SequenceLab is a benchmark suite for evaluating computational methods for comparing genomic sequences, such as pre-alignment filters and pairwise sequence alignment algorithms, described in our preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.16908
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